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Biomimetic architecture is a contemporary philosophy of architecture that seeks solutions for sustainability in nature, not by replicating the natural forms, but by understanding the rules governing those forms. It is a multi-disciplinary approach to sustainable design that follows a set of principles rather than stylistic codes. It is part of a larger movement known as biomimicry, which is the examination of nature, its models, systems, and processes for the purpose of gaining inspiration in order to solve man-made problems. == History == Architecture has long drawn from nature as a source of inspiration. Biomorphism, or the incorporation of natural existing elements as inspiration in design, originated possibly with the beginning of man-made environments and remains present today. The ancient Greeks and Romans incorporated natural motifs into design such as the tree-inspired columns. Late Antique and Byzantine arabesque tendrils are stylized versions of the acanthus plant.〔Alois Riegl, “The Arabesque” from Problems of style: foundations for a history of ornament, translated by Evelyn Kain, (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University, 1992), 266-305.〕 Varro’s Aviary at Casinum from 64 BC reconstructed a world in miniature.〔A. W. van Buren and R. M. Kennedy, “Varro’s Aviary at Casinum,” The Journal of Roman Studies 9 (1919): 63.〕 A pond surrounded a domed structure at one end that held a variety of birds. A stone colonnaded portico had intermediate columns of living trees. The Sagrada Família church by Antoni Gaudi begun in 1882 is a well-known example of using nature’s functional forms to answer a structural problem. He used columns that modeled the branching canopies of trees to solve statics problems in supporting the vault.〔George R. Collins, “Antonio Gaudi: Structure and Form,” Perspecta 8 (1963): 89.〕 Organic architecture uses nature-inspired geometrical forms in design and seeks to reconnect the human with his or her surroundings. Kendrick Bangs Kellogg, a practicing organic architect, believes that “above all, organic architecture should constantly remind us not to take Mother Nature for granted – work with her and allow her to guide your life. Inhibit her, and humanity will be the loser.”〔David Pearson, New Organic Architecture: the breaking wave (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2001), 10.〕 This falls in line with another guiding principle, which is that form should follow flow and not work against the dynamic forces of nature.〔David Pearson, New Organic Architecture: the breaking wave (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2001), 14.〕 Architect Daniel Liebermann’s commentary on organic architecture as a movement highlights the role of nature in building: “…a truer understanding of how we see, with our mind and eye, is the foundation of everything organic. Man’s eye and brain evolved over aeons of time, most of which were within the vast untrammeled and unpaved landscape of our Edenic biosphere! We must go to Nature for our models now, that is clear!”〔 Organic architects use man-made solutions with nature-inspired aesthetics to bring about an awareness of the natural environment rather than relying on nature’s solutions to answer man’s problems. Metabolist architecture, a movement present in Japan post-WWII, stressed the idea of endless change in the biological world. Metabolists promoted flexible architecture and dynamic cities that could meet the needs of a changing urban environment.〔Raffaele Pernice, “Metabolism Reconsidered: Its Role in the Architectural Context of the World,” Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering 3, no. 2 (2004), 359.〕 The city is likened to a human body in that its individual components are created and become obsolete, but the entity as a whole continues to develop. Like the individual cells of a human body that grow and die although human body continues to live, the city, too, is in a continuous cycle of growth and change.〔Kenzo Tange, “A Plan for Tokyo, 1960: Toward a Structural Reorganization,” in Architecture Culture 1943-1968: A Documentary Anthology, ed. Joan Ockman, 325-334 (New York: Rizzoli, 1993), 327.〕 The methodology of Metabolists views nature as a metaphor for the man-made. Kisho Kurokawa’s Helix City is modeled after DNA, but uses it as a structural metaphor rather than for its underlying qualities of its purpose of genetic coding. Biomimetic architecture goes beyond using nature as inspiration for the aesthetic components of built form, but instead seeks to use nature to solve problems of the building’s functioning. Biomimicry means to imitate life and originates from the Greek words bios (life) and mimesis (imitate). The movement is a branch off of the new science defined and popularized by Janine Benyus in her 1997 book Biomimicry: Innovation Inspired by Nature as one which studies nature and then imitates or takes inspiration from its designs and processes to solve human problems.〔Janine Benyus, Biomimicry: Innovation Inspired by Nature. (New York: Perennial, 2002).〕 Rather than thinking of the building as a machine for living in, biomimicry asks architects to think of a building as a living thing for a living being. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Biomimetic architecture」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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